Open Research

Prerequisites

Prerequisite	Importance	Notes
rr-vcs	Helpful	Experience with GitHub is particularly useful

Fig. 12 The Turing Way project illustration by Scriberia. Used under a CC-BY 4.0 licence. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3332807.

Summary

Open research aims to transform research by making it more reproducible, transparent, reusable, collaborative, accountable, and accessible to society. It pushes for change in the way that research is carried out and disseminated by digital tools. One definition of open research, as given by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), is the practice of making “the primary outputs of publicly funded research results – publications and the research data – publicly accessible in a digital format with no or minimal restriction.” To achieve this openness in research, each element of the research process should:

• Be publicly available: It is difficult to use and benefit from knowledge hidden behind barriers such as passwords and paywalls.

• Be reusable: Research outputs need to be licensed appropriately, so that prospective users know any limitations on re-use.

• Be transparent: With appropriate metadata to provide clear statements of how research output was produced and what it contains.

Schematically, the research process has the following form: data are collected and then analysed (often using software). This process may involve the use of specialist hardware. The results of the research are then published. Throughout the process, it is good practice for researchers to document their work. This can happen in notebooks or other forms of documentation. For experimental studies, Electronic Lab Notebooks are common. Open research aims to make each of these elements open:

• Open Data: Documenting and sharing research data openly for re-use.

• Open Source Software: Documenting research code and routines, and making them freely accessible and available.

• Open Hardware: Documenting designs, materials, and other relevant information related to hardware, and making them freely accessible and available.

• Open Access: Making all published outputs freely accessible for maximum use and impact.

• Open Notebooks: An emerging practice, documenting and sharing the experimental process of trial and error.

See the Open Definition for a set of principles that define “openness” in relation to data and content. The above elements are expanded upon in this chapter.

Open scholarship [def] is a concept that extends open research further. It relates to making other aspects of scientific research open to the public, for example:

• Open educational resources: Making educational resources publicly available to be re-used and modified.

• Equity, diversity, inclusion: Ensuring scholarship is open to anyone without barriers based on factors such as race, background, gender, and sexual orientation.

• Citizen science: The inclusion of members of the public in scientific research.

These elements are also discussed in detail in this chapter.

Motivation and Background

There are five main schools of thought motivating open practices to benefit research:

School	Belief	Aim
Infrastructure	Efficient research depends on the available tools and applications.	Creating openly available platforms, tools, and services for researchers.
Pragmatic	Knowledge-creation could be more efficient if researchers worked together.	Opening up the process of knowledge creation.
Measurement	Academic contributions today need alternative impact measurements.	Developing an alternative metric system for research impact.
Democratic	The access to knowledge is unequally distributed.	Making knowledge freely available for everyone.
Public	Research needs to be made accessible to the public.	Making research accessible for citizens.

Open practices also benefit the researchers that propagate them. For example, there is evidence [] that open access articles are cited more often, as shown by the metastudy presented in the figure below.

Fig. 13 The relative citation rate (OA: non-OA) in 19 fields of research. This rate is defined as the mean citation rate of OA articles divided by the mean citation rate of non-OA articles. Multiple points for the same discipline indicate different estimates from the same study or estimates from several studies. (See [].)

Another benefit of openness is that while research collaborations are essential to advancing knowledge, identifying and connecting with appropriate collaborators is not trivial. Open practices can make it easier for researchers to connect by increasing the discoverability and visibility of one’s work, facilitating rapid access to novel data and software resources, and creating new opportunities to interact with and contribute to ongoing communal projects.

Chapter Tags: This chapter is curated for the Turing Data Study Group (turing-dsg).